Natural and Economic Resource

g. slash and burn farming, and rhytidoplasty cattle.

The oldest edition of human adaptation to the resources available is food foraging, where batch tend to live in small groups and move as resources atomic number 18 depleted (Haviland 159). In such cultures, in that location is usually a division of labor between the scavengers and the hunters. Life revolves close to a camp, and since these camps move frequently, personal possessions are kept to a minimum. Resources (food) are shared among all members of the group equally, so there are no problems of graphic resource distribution (161-167). With the education of enduring settlements, the distribution of inwrought resources changes as those who possesses land are able to practice agriculture at a permanent site, and those with suitable land can raise cattle and an different(prenominal) domestic herds (165-173).

With the development of cities and the urban lifestyle, technological advances come much into play and the government plays a larger role in the control over natural and sparing resources (Haviland 173-177). Rules governing materials, labor, and technology are embedded in the individual culture and its economic structure. All cultures have rules concerning the use of natural resources. In occidental societies, private ownership of land and natural resources is allowed (189). In other societies and cultures, land and resources may belong

In all cultures, some form of economic exchange occurs. In foraging tribes it is the overlap of food, either hunted or gathered, and the sharing of tools and other possessions (Haviland 192). In other cultures it is the exchange of goods and services, a transcription known as reciprocity. Within groups, these are the common modes of exchange, and between different groups, barter and trade - the exchange of goods and services - is the preponderating mode (194). In societies ruled by some form of government, income in the form of taxes and levies is gathered by the government, and redistributed in three main ways: to preserve leadership done a display of wealth; to bargain for the support of the leader's supporters; and to buy foreign alliances (197).

In chiefdoms, there is a ranked hierarchy in control of the group, and the chief often rules for life, with the position being hereditary (Haviland 333). There is usually intensive food production, and a redistributive form of economy. The chief is in control of land and natural resources, and usually amasses vast personal wealth. In province-run systems, political world-beater is in the hands of a centralized government, and encompass a diverse group of nations, each with their own language, culture, territorial base, and history, which the state attempts to make function as a whole (335). In the state system, there is a redistributive economy, and the ownership of land and natural resources is a mixture os state and private ventures.

In the tribal kind of organization, bands are linked together by various ties, and gain security against attack or starving by shared responsibilities (Haviland 328). The economy is usually based on agriculture or herd animals. Tribes have larger numbers pool of members than bands. Political organization is informal in tribes, and there is no elected leader: the role is often taken temporarily to coordinate cooperative efforts, but is relinquished when the task at hand is over. The economy
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